Dr. Francis Townsend, Old Age Public Pension Organizer

Dr. Francis Townsend, Old Age Public Pension Organizer Dr. Francis Everitt Townsend, born into a poor farm family, worked as a physician and health provider. During the  Great Depression, when Townsend himself was in retirement age, he became interested in how the federal government could provide old age pensions. His project inspired the 1935 Social Security Act, which he found inadequate. Life and Profession Francis Townsend was born on January 13, 1867, on a farm in Illinois. When he was an adolescent his family moved to Nebraska, where he was educated through two years of high school. In 1887, he left school and moved to California with his brother, hoping to strike it rich in the Los Angeles land boom. Instead, he lost almost everything. Dejected, he returned  to Nebraska and finished high school, then began to farm in Kansas. Later, he started medical school in Omaha, funding his education while working as a salesman. After he graduated, Townsend went to work in South Dakota in the Black Hills region, then part of the frontier. He married a widow, Minnie Brogue, who worked as  a nurse. They had three children and adopted a daughter. In 1917, when World War I began, Townsend enlisted as a medical officer in the army.  He returned to South Dakota after the war, but ill health aggravated by the harsh winter led him to move to southern California. He found himself, in his medical practice, competing with older established physicians and younger modern physicians, and he did not do well financially. The arrival of the Great Depression wiped out his remaining savings. He was able to obtain an appointment as a health officer in Long Beach, where he observed the effects of the Depression, especially on older Americans. When a change in local politics led to the loss of his job, he found himself broke once again. Townsend’s Old Age Revolving Pension Plan The Progressive Era had seen several moves to establish old-age pensions and national health insurance, but with the Depression, many reformers focused on unemployment insurance. In his late 60s, Townsend decided to do something about the financial devastation of the elderly poor. He envisioned a program where the federal government would provide a $200 per month pension to every American over the age of 60, and saw this financed through a 2% tax on all business transactions. The total cost would be greater than $20 billion a year, but he saw the pensions as a solution to the Depression. If the recipients were required to spend their $200 within thirty days, he reasoned, this would significantly stimulate the economy, and create a â€Å"velocity effect,† ending the Depression. The plan was criticized by many economists. Essentially, half the national income would be directed to the eight percent of the population over the age of 60. But it was still a very attractive plan, especially to the older people who would benefit. Townsend began to organize around his Old Age Revolving Pension Plan (Townsend Plan) in September 1933 and had created a movement within months. Local groups organized Townsend Clubs to support the idea, and by January 1934, Townsend said 3,000 groups had begun. He sold pamphlets, badges, and other items, and financed a national weekly mailing. In mid-1935, Townsend said that there were 7,000 clubs with 2.25 million members, most of them older people. A petition drive brought 20 million signatures to Congress. Buoyed by the immense support, Townsend spoke to cheering crowds as he traveled, including to two national conventions organized around the Townsend Plan. In 1935, encouraged by the massive support for the Townsend idea, Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal  passed the Social Security Act.  Many in Congress, pressured to support the Townsend Plan, preferred being able to support the Social Security Act, which for the first time provided a safety net for Americans too old to work. Townsend considered this an inadequate substitute and began angrily attacking the Roosevelt administration.  He joined with such populists as the Rev. Gerald L. K. Smith and Huey Long’s Share Our Wealth Society, and with the Rev. Charles Coughlin’s National Union for Social Justice and Union Party. Townsend invested much energy in the Union Party and organizing voters to vote for candidates who supported the Townsend Plan. He estimated that the Union Party would get 9 million votes in 1936, and when the actual votes were less than a million, and Roosevelt was reelected in a landslide, Townsend abandoned party politics. His political activity led to conflict within the ranks of his supporters, including the filing of some lawsuits. In 1937, Townsend was asked to testify before the Senate on allegations of corruption in the Townsend Plan movement. When he refused to answer questions, he was convicted of contempt of Congress.  Roosevelt, despite Townsend’s opposition to the New Deal and Roosevelt, commuted Townsend’s 30-day sentence. Townsend continued to work for his plan, making changes to try to make it less simplistic and more acceptable to economic analysts. His newspaper and national headquarters continued. He met with presidents Truman and Eisenhower. He was still making speeches supporting reform of old age security programs, with audiences mostly of the elderly, shortly before he died on September 1, 1960, in Los Angeles. In later years, during a time of  relative prosperity, the expansion of federal, state, and private pensions took much of the energy out of his movement. Sources Richard L. Neuberger and Kelley Loe, An Army of the Aged. 1936.David H. Bennett. Demagogues in the Depression: American Radicals and the Union Party, 1932-1936. 1969.Abraham Holtzman. The Townsend Movement: A Political Study. 1963.

Definitely use the or a

Definitely use the or a Definitely use the or a Definitely use the or a By Michael When to use the indefinite article a and when to use the definite article the depends mostly on how specific you want to be. During a wedding ceremony the groom would say, Give me the ring! The wedding ring! because he must have a particular ring, while a carpenter would say, Hand me a nail because he doesnt care which nail in the box he uses. Usually the bigger problem is not whether to use a definite or indefinite article, but whether to use an article at all. So many choices! When do you use a? When do you use an? When do you use the? But relax. Well guide the way. We already talked about when to use a when to use an in the article Give me an A: a vs. an, but well give you a few more examples here. A: you use this when youre not necessarily referring to a specific thing (such as a nail, any nail). Its called an indefinite article, because youre not being definite or particular. There are many nails in this big world. She owns a cat. I work on a golf course. An: its used just like a, but when preceding a vowel sound. It probably comes from Old German, on which Old English was based. My theory is that the use of an survives after all these centuries because it sounds better before vowels. Saying, I want a apple sounds odd, compared to, I want an apple. For the same reason, the fake French sentence, Anne, on en a un, sounds even more odd. May I borrow an egg? He is an arrogant critic. The: youre talking about a definite item, which is why the is called a definite article. Of course it only makes sense if both you and your listeners know which item you mean. If I commanded you, Give me the money, you would rightfully ask, What money? I dont owe you any money. The house on that corner once belonged to Charles Dickens. The weather is very pleasant today. You can use the the second time you refer to something, even if you used an the first time. We know what youre referring to, because you just told us. You can do this, but I wouldnt recommend it. Read these examples repeating the noun might sound monotonous. We visited a palace on our vacation. The palace was built in 1546. We also went to a concert. The concert was too loud for me. When it comes to geography, you dont use the before the names of most nations, provinces, states,lakes or islands. But there are many exceptions: the United States, the Ukraine, or the Congo. On the other hand, the Ukrainians and Congolese people Ive met say, Ukraine and Congo, so go figure. If the name refers to plural items, such as the United States, or the Maldives, you would use the definite article. You would do the same for rivers and oceans, such as the Amazon, the Nile, and the Caspian Sea. Bays need the definite article. He moved to Nepal near Mount Everest. They spent their honeymoon in eastern Maine, on Penobscot Bay. Unlike some languages such as French and Spanish, English sometimes does not use any article at all. You dont need one when making a general statement, or when talking about meals and transportation. I prefer folk music. She hates making noodles. She eats breakfast at home. She traveled to college by train. British writers dont use an article for some places that Americans would. British: I go to university. American: I go to college. American: I transfered to the university last year. British: I felt so ill that I went to hospital. American: I got so sick I had to go to the hospital. Some rules apply all the time. Some rules apply only in certain situations, and only experience and reading can help you get them all right. And some rules apply only in certain situations in certain cultures: British and American English is sometimes different, as you may have learned by now. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Cost-Effective vs. Cost-EfficientStory Writing 10145 Idioms About the Number One

Exam 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Exam 2 - Essay Example Through criticism, scientists are able to conduct more research on the evolution of and this will lead to more elaborate and clear understanding of the collect evolution. This can be clearly be seen from the research that lead to the understanding evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic as Marguli always needed to prove the reality behind the growth of Flagella as opposed by most of the scientists at the start. The piecemeal acceptance of the new theories was because of unclear defined evidences to the growth of the cell evolution. But the piece to piece acceptance also was contributed by criticizing scientists .For instance ,Marguli’s first book in 1970 on endosymbiosis although new to most of the scientist those who knew of it dismissed it making her to carefully again distinguish her ideas clearly from others like Ivan Wallin who first wrote of it. The only way to resolve a problem between two parties is by producing clear and substantial evidence that is used to oversee the evidence of the other. Controversial theories on the evolution between Marguli and other scientists for instance, her presenting a wide would only solve the close competitive theory by F.J.R Taylor and well explained with touchable evidence on the evolution of the cells like Prokaryotic and eukaryotic, mitochondria, chloroplast and flagella. Due to the criticism and dismissal of her scientific theory. Margulis was encouraged to clearly do research in order to fully gain acceptance on the cell evolution theory. Thus, she based her cell evolution on the past study of Ivan Walliam .As a result, by the end of a decade after his first book on 1970 she came up with analogies that were greatly accepted worldwide. She ended up gaining popularity on the Set theory than the autogency theory that emphasized on the end symbiosis. For instance Margulis in her Set theory she confirmed that few intermediates between prokaryotic and

Hillary Clinton and the Presidential Race Essay

Hillary Clinton and the Presidential Race - Essay Example The Choice on Iowa, New Hampshire, and South Carolina The Democratic Primaries, in accordance with the election precepts in the US, always start in start in the states of Iowa, New Hampshire, and South Carolina (Andrews, Bennet, & Parlapiano, 2015). The choice to analyze these three states is dependent on several factors. On the instance, they offer an early gauge on the strategies that are used by a political team (Lau & Pomper, 2004). Though there are the instances in which candidates have lost in these states and later recovered to win the primaries, most candidates do scheme to win here. That is because early wins bolsters plans and quivers opponents by creating the impression of a likely overall win. However, in the instances in which a candidate fails to win in these states, they always have the time to strategize and remodel their campaigns (Medvic, 2011). These two projections justify the choice on the three states as it is from whence that a campaign is dearly molded and catapulted for either a win or a loss (Coleman, Cantor, & Neale, 2001). Besides, New Hampshire and Iowa have largely been credited for their electoral independence. That implies that winning the electorate in these states a challenge to most of the candidates. According to Hart (2001), political strengths are majorly gauged by the manners in which candidates overcome challenges. Choosing these states was, therefore, also based on the objective of quantifying the Hillary’s ability to overcome political manacles.

Quantitative marketing research Essay Example for Free

Quantitative marketing research Essay A. Market study The researchers used descriptive method because the sudy needs detailed analysis and understanding of the proposed business. Survey questionnaires served as the research instrument in gathering information about the needs and wants of the target market so that demand and supply will be determined and analysed. The result of the survey will determine the feasibility of the proposed business. The researchers will make use of questionnaires that will be give to random by chosen respondents. The respondents of the study are the students of Saint Columban College. The researcher will use random sampling, by which random students is given an equal chance to be chosen as respondents. The survey questionnaire will be distributed to the students and they will be interviewed for further acquisition of significant information. In gathering data, the researchers will use the survey method by distributing the questionnaires in the main entrance, exit, and in the campus of Saint Columban College. The survey questionnaire will be submitted to the experts for validity and reliability purposes. After gathering all the data from the respondents, the researchers will tally the results and the total responses will be tabulated. The data will be interpreted and analysed to serve as the basis of the feasibility of the pizza haus. B. Human Resource Study The researcher will conduct a personal interview as an instrument of gathering data. The researcher proposed the type of ownership which is sole proprietorship for this type of organization. The company’s identification name and its structure were determined through sharing of ideas, opinions and suggestions by the researchers. The researchers will visit the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) for personal interview about the labor laws in the Philippines that must be observed in hiring employees, the right compensation of the employees, proper handling of employees and establishing operating policies. The researchers will also visit other business to gather information in recruiting personnel in the creation of organizational structure, the researchers will make use of their ideas and knowledge that they learned from human resource management. C. Socio-Economic Study The researcher will conduct personal interview to catch a relevant information for the socio-economic study. The researcher will visit the local government to gather information about the unemployment rate of Pagadian City and what would be the effect if this proposed business will be established in the community. D. Environmental study In this study, the researchers will take precautionary actions in the proper disposal of waste and the list of the possible effects or the impact of the business to the environment. The researchers will conduct personal interview to the local government officials to gather suggestions and idea on proper disposal of wastes created by JAS Pizza Haus. Also with respect of the Law, the proposed business will take some precautionary actions with the legal documents that is required to establish this business. E. Technical Study In this study, the researchers will use a set of questionnaires in order to gather information. The questions will be focusing on the suppliers for the operation of the business. The group will go to Pagadian City to visit the area and to inquire for a vacant space outside Saint Columban College campus for the location of the Pizza Haus. The researchers will also visit a pizza parlor to consult and inquire for the equipment needed for baking a pizza, the suppliers of the pizza ingredients especially the dough and the service processes of the business. Also, the group will canvass the prices of the plastic chairs and tables from plastic wares store, and lastly, the group will talk to the owner of the space’s terms and conditions in renting. F. Financial Study The researchers will conduct a personal interview from our adviser of this study and also from the CPAs for the means of gathering information of how much will be the capital needed for this proposed, and this capital will be taken from the investment of our proponent. Questions will focus on how much will be the cost of purchasing of those needed materials. The researchers will compute it properly to know the estimated budget for the overall initial investment of the proposed business.

Flamenco Essay -- essays research papers

Flamenco is an individualistic folk art, a genuine Southern art form, which was mainly originated by Andalusian gypsies. It exists in 3 forms: El cante, song, el baile, dance and guitarrra, guitar playing. Its roots also are with Arabs, Spanish Jews and socially outcasted Christians. The flamenco essence is song, which is usually accompanied by guitar and improvised dance. Complex rhythmic patterns and sophisticated footwork differs from other European dance forms. The word "flamenco" has been questioned on why an Adalucian music form would be represented by a word that meant Flemish or flamingos. Most believe that it was Carlos I who brought with him to Spain from Flanders an entire Flemish court. These Flemish court men, on their spare time, partied with the gypsies. The two were groups were called Flemish which later translated into flamencos and as their dance culture blossomed, the word stuck. The dance music of flamenco is often divided into 3 categories: jondo, chico, or cante. Jondo is a word that means profound or serious. The music of this sort is usually intensely sad having to do with death, anguish or despair and also characterized as the cry of oppressed people for many years. Chico means light and deals with love, gaiety, humor or the countryside. El Cante is the most important which inspires "el toque" guitar playing and 'el baile." An example of a jondo would be a more serious flamenco in which hatred... Flamenco Essay -- essays research papers Flamenco is an individualistic folk art, a genuine Southern art form, which was mainly originated by Andalusian gypsies. It exists in 3 forms: El cante, song, el baile, dance and guitarrra, guitar playing. Its roots also are with Arabs, Spanish Jews and socially outcasted Christians. The flamenco essence is song, which is usually accompanied by guitar and improvised dance. Complex rhythmic patterns and sophisticated footwork differs from other European dance forms. The word "flamenco" has been questioned on why an Adalucian music form would be represented by a word that meant Flemish or flamingos. Most believe that it was Carlos I who brought with him to Spain from Flanders an entire Flemish court. These Flemish court men, on their spare time, partied with the gypsies. The two were groups were called Flemish which later translated into flamencos and as their dance culture blossomed, the word stuck. The dance music of flamenco is often divided into 3 categories: jondo, chico, or cante. Jondo is a word that means profound or serious. The music of this sort is usually intensely sad having to do with death, anguish or despair and also characterized as the cry of oppressed people for many years. Chico means light and deals with love, gaiety, humor or the countryside. El Cante is the most important which inspires "el toque" guitar playing and 'el baile." An example of a jondo would be a more serious flamenco in which hatred...

Hamlet Speech Draft Essay

In Shakespeare’s famous play â€Å"Hamlet†, Hamlet reveals the duality of human nature as he is the hero of one plot whilst a villain in the other. Hamlet portrays the heroic characteristics through bravery and fearlessness. On the other hand, he is a villain because he is a coward, disrespectful and he would do anything to achieve and benefit for himself. But Hamlet is neither a complete hero nor a complete villain. He is both, and this contributes to Shakespeare’s message concerning the duality of human nature. The following paragraphs will elaborate on Hamlet’s 3 different types of personalities. Hamlet being a hero of a plot is a major theme in the play. This is shown by through his actions of avenging his father’s death by killing the current king Claudius, Hamlets uncle. Hamlet demonstrates the quality of braveness by following the ghost ignoring the fears of his friend for him strong enough to break the restraining hold and follows the horrible illusion not knowing what could happen to him. [Hamlet-Shakespeare Act 1, Scene 4, 88 – 95] â€Å"Hold off your hands†, â€Å"My fate cries out and makes each petty artery in this body as hardy as the Nemean lion’s nerve. Still am I called.- Unhand me, gentleman. By heaven, I’ll make a ghost of him that lets me! I say, away. -Go on. I’ll follow thee. Hamlet does this because he is in desperate urge of wanting to discover how his father died and that he truly loves his father. The final reason for Hamlet being a hero is because he is not afraid of facing a politically superior man. This means that hamlet is not afraid to face the king; a person more powerful than him and tell everyone the truth about what happened to his father. Hamlet demonstrates the quality of fearlessness when is ready to fight the king. This is proven when he says [Hamlet-Shakespeare Act 5, Scene2 198 -200] â€Å"I am constant to my purpose, they follow the King’s pleasure. If his fitness speaks, mine is ready. Now or whensoever, provided I be so able as now† These words show that Hamlet’s fearlessness quality and that he is not afraid of facing a person much more powerful than him. Hamlet shows his bravery, fearlessness and determination through his action and speech and those are the qualities of a hero. Although Hamlet has many great Heroic qualities, he also has numerous villain characteristics shown through his actions and speech. He may be seen as a villain because he caused the death to the whole royal family including Polonius, Ophelia and even himself. One of his villain characteristics is portrayed when Hamlet said some harsh words to his mother making her feel threatened. [Hamlet-Shakespeare, Act 3, Scene 4, 21-23] â€Å"Come, come, and sit you down. You shall not budge. You go not till I set you up a glass Where you may see the inmost part of you†. These words illustrate one of Hamlet’s villain characteristics of being disrespectful. In addition to that, he broke Ophelia’s heart, as well as killing her father which caused her to become insane and lead her to commit suiciding. He also lied to his friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern changing the letter making them the suspect of execution. Hamlet says [Hamlet-Shakespeare Act 5, Scene 2, 61-66] â€Å"Why, man, they did make love to this employment. They are not near my conscience. Their defeat does by their own insinuation grow. ‘Tis dangerous when the baser nature comes between the pass and fell incensed points of mighty opposites.† This shows that Hamlet is a coward, not facing execution himself but had to make his innocent friends face execution for him. These evidences proves that Hamlet is a villain because the death of the king Claudius, Gertrude, Ophelia, Laertes, Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern and himself is caused by him either directly or indirectly. Shakespeare uses the characters in the play Hamlet, especially the protagonist Hamlet to imitate the duality of human nature. Hamlet is a perfect example of a duality because he is both noble and immoral at the same time. An example of this is at the beginning when he is shocked over his father death and his mother’s quick remarriage to his uncle. This is shown in the text when Hamlet says [Hamlet-Shakespeare Act 1, Scene 2, 151-158] â€Å"even she – O, God, a beast, that wants discourse of reason would have mourned longer – married with my uncle, my father’s brother, but no more like my father than I to Hercules. Within a month, ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tears had left the flushing in her galled eyes, She married.† He then changes when he soon discovers about how his father was murdered and desires to seek revenge. Another example of a duality is that Hamlet exposes the noble side of himself. This is when he grieves for his father and despises the situation that his mother has left him in. He says [Hamlet-Shakespeare Act 1, Scene 2, 85-88] â€Å"These indeed seem, for they are actions that a man might play. But I have that within which passes show these but the trappings and the suits of woe.† This makes the reader feel that he dislikes his mother but on the contrary he still loves her even though she has left him in a miserable situation. These examples portray the duality of human nature from the character Hamlet. Hamlet can be both the hero due to the bravery and fearlessness he has shown through his actions. Although he shows heroic qualities, he can still be a villain through his coward, disrespectful and immoral actions. Hamlet is often noticed that he has more than one side to his personality at the same time and this is revealed through the play when he stands for what he believes in and takes avenge for his father’s death but in the contrary not only did he kill Claudius, he was involved in everyone’s death including Ophelia, Polonius, Gertrude, Laertes, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and that he would do anything to achieve and benefit for himself. Through these actions, Hamlet portrays the qualities of the duality of human nature.

Financial Aid Appeal Letter Essay

My name is Ali Shaheed and I am writing to appeal my suspension from financial aid. I hope that you will reconsider your decision and grant my financial aid. I would like to begin thanking you in advance for taking the time to read this letter and consider my request to reinstate my financial aid at Henry Ford Community College. I take full responsibility for my unsatisfactory completion rate, but I would like to explain the circumstances. I started my first semester at HFCC in winter 2012, and I failed to attend my classes due to my mother being sick, and I had to rush her to the hospital every other day. I had to take care of her because I’m the only one she had. In a result I failed to make satisfactory academic progress due to me not attending classes. This summer of 2013 I went to Baker College of Allen Park to continue my education because they approved me for financial grants, and because I could not afford to pay my classes at HFCC. Now I’m a full time student at Baker and I have completed one class so far and I got an A in it, and I got 3 more classes that I’m currently attending right now, I will attach my classes schedule and registration with this letter to verify and see that I’m serious about this and I want to move forward to continue my education and be successful and never look back, and my I will also send in my official transcript from Baker when I finish the semester in December 16th 2013. I’m looking forward now to go back to HFCC for the winter semester because they got better learning environment and better teachers and it’s the college that I want to finish my education at. I am really serious about my future and I recognize that a degree is essential in attaining a great career. Again, thank you for taking the time to read this letter, and I assure you, if granted financial aid, my education and will continue to be my main priority.

Adam Smith vs. Karl Marx essays

Adam Smith vs. Karl Marx essays Both Adam Smith and Karl Marx are considered two of the top twenty most influential people in the world for the millennium. They both are respected in their views for creating a perfect society where everyone is happy. Adam Smith, a brilliant Scottish political economist philosopher born in 1723, had the goal of perfect liberty for all individuals through the capitalistic approach. While Karl Marx, born in 1818, believed in individual freedom for society and logically criticized capitalism giving reasons as to why it was irrational and why it would fall. Figuring out what kind of state will ensure the greatest freedom or liberty of individuals was their main philosophical problem. They differed in their views of human nature, the social decisions made in the society, the role of competition, and the effects of the division of labor on human beings. Perfect liberty according to Smith, will allow a system of natural liberty to establish itself in which every man, as long as he does not violate the laws of justice, is left perfectly free to pursue his own interest his own way. This self-interest produces a market and in effect produces perfect liberty. In Smiths theory of human nature, Smith suggests that human nature will turn the beneficence of the rich to the poor out of sympathy for their condition. Marx did not agree with Smiths passions of human nature and the phenomena of sympathy. Marx said that, because it was always in the economic interest of capita to take advantage of or exploit workers, nothing could persuade capitalists to change their ways. He thought peaceful progress towards equality and social justice was impossible. The only way to establish justice was for the workers to overthrow the capitalists by means of violent revolution, according to Marx. He urged workers around the world to revolt against their rulers. Marx says that all injustice and inequality is a ...

How to Cheat on the ACT

How to Cheat on the ACT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Disclaimer: we are not going to tell you how to cheat on the ACT. What we will tell you about are things you can get in trouble for, along with high-profile cheating scandals that have happened recently and in past years. We do not advocate cheating by any means! Let's take a look at some of these scandals, as well as make sure you're aware of all the rules and regulations of test day so you don't inadvertently jeopardize your scores or chance of college admissions. South Korea and Hong Kong:The Case of the Leaked Test The most recent cheating scandal around the ACT involves the June , 2016 administration of the test in South Korea and Hong Kong(or what was supposed to be the June administration). Officials heard that test materials had beenleaked in advance of the test. ACT, Inc's official statement was this: "ACT has just received credible evidence that test materials intended for administration in these regions have been compromised." The result? ACT, Inccanceled the test altogether, doing so only hours before students were supposed to take the test. About 5,500 students at 56 different test centers were unable to take the test they had registered for. While these students will get refunds, they don't get the chance to reschedule their June test. Instead, they'll have to wait until the next official ACT test date in September. At this point, it's unclear who got their hands on ACT test materials or how they did it. While the ACT has never been canceled abroad before, the SAT has been canceled or investigated several times over the past few years in both South Korea and Hong Kong. It seems that test centers take advantage of time zone differences to obtain information from students taking tests in the U.S. Unfortunately, it was the test-takers in South Korea and Hong Kong who suffered from this underhanded activity and were unable to take the ACT at all on their scheduled June test date. New York: The Case of False Identities Cheating scandals around the ACT haven't just happened overseas. In fact, thelargest and most high profile scandal to date happened in 20 on Long Island, New York. Over 20 arrests were made in this case where students paid other students (most of them already in college) to take the test in their place. They paid students up to $3,600, and these students used fake IDs to enter the testing center. When these cases of false identity were discovered, the perpetrators were charged with scheming to defraud in the first degree, criminal impersonation in the second degree, and falsifying business records in the first degree. None of these students ultimately faced jail time, but their names and this case will forever be on the public record. Apparently, this kind of identity swapping had been going on for years. As for the aftermath of this scandal? Now all students have to upload a photo of themselves when they register for the ACT. Would you be tempted to pay money if it meant a perfect scorer would take the ACT for you? Kentucky: The Case of Too Many Practice Tests In 2014, the principal and other school officials at Louisville Male High School came under investigation for heavy assistance of students taking the ACT. Because the ACT is used in many states as a high school standardized exam, it's a high stakes test for schools and administrators, as well as students. Several students reported that school officials gave substantial help during their test. Administrators let students take multiple practice tests with the real questions, before entering their real answers for the real test. Furthermore, officials helped students with questions they struggled with and even gave them answers, giving Louisville students an unfair advantage on the actual ACT. Even worse, students reported administrators telling them to keep hush about the cheating in interviews.In the end, the principal was fired from the school, and the school was required to institute new behaviors to prevent this cheating from happening in the future. Michigan: The Case of Calculator Misconduct Similar suspicions swirled around Fremont High School in Michigan in 2014. College Board received an anonymous tip about improper calculator use that indicated that school officials had uploaded far too much information on students' calculators, almost like having a "cheat sheet" while taking the ACT. Ultimately the ACT decided that while their actions gave students an unfair advantage, they had found a loophole in the rules and were not technically cheating. Students scores were eventually released, but they were withheld for a long time while the investigation was underway. While these cases of cheating on the ACT made the news, most cases are less high profile. Instead, they occur because a student or test proctor reports unusual behavior on test day. Let's take a look at the more common causes of ACT scores being withheld or canceled. Don't do this. What Else You Can Be Disqualified From the ACT For The basic signs of cheating - likelooking at someone else's test paper, talking, using inappropriate materials, or causing any disturbances - are all prohibited while taking the ACT. Since it is strictly timed, students cannot look back or ahead in the test booklet. They cannot flip through it or work on a different section than the one currently being timed, nor can they continue to write or fill in answers after time has been called. Once time has been called, that's it - absolutely no more filling in the bubble sheet or adding one last sentence to your essay. Otherwise your test proctor could take your test booklet and ask you to leave the testing center. Once your test has been scored, there may be a few unusual trends that alert scorers to possible signs of cheating. For example, huge fluctuations in your scores could prompt an investigation - if you improve by a great number of points between your first and second test administration, for example, or show large inconsistencies between similar sections. They may ask you to provide a testimonial on your behalf, but could withhold your scores indefinitely or have you retake the test. Another cause for concern is if your answers resemble that of a nearby student too closely. One Boston student was shocked to have her scores withheld, because her answers looked almost identical to a student she sat near. While very rare, these kinds of investigations begin after the tests have been scored and analyzed. So if your scores are withheld, what are the consequences? Consequences of Cheating on the ACT In the high profile New York case, which involved fake IDs and exchanges of large sums of money, actual charges were filed against students and arrests were made. In less nefarious circumstances, like the ones described above, usually the ACT will cancel your scores and you will have to retake the test. If your score reports have already been sent off to colleges, theACT will notify the colleges that your scores are now invalid. They usually won't provide a specific reason, but instead will say, "The ACT cancels scores for a variety of reasons, including illness of the examinee, mis-timing of the test, disturbances or irregularity at the testing site. It is the ACT policy to treat the ACT's reasoning for canceling a specific score as confidential." Colleges won't necessarily hear that you were accused of cheating, but cancellation of scores is still a big red flag that you don't want to have on your application. The college will likely know if your scores were the only ones to be canceled, thereby ruling out "mis-timing" or "disturbances at the testing site" as a possible explanation. Plus, many months will probably pass by the time you get a final decision from ACT, sign up for and retake the test, and receive and send off your new score reports, causing you to miss important deadlines. If your scores were withheld due to inconsistencies, the ACT may have you retake the test. If you score within three points of your last performance, then you will get to keep those new scores. If not, then your new and improved test scores will be canceled and invalidated. For the most part, students whose scores get withheld and/or cancelled may retake the test, but this can be a huge hassle, both emotionally and in terms of getting everything done in time for your college application deadlines. Relax! The ACT is an important test, but there's no reason to lose your head. What Can You Do Instead of Cheating? Don't cheat on the ACT - prep instead! Nothing is a replacement for preparation and familiarity with the content and format of the tests. Check out our free E-Book for the tips and strategies you need to know to improve your ACT score by 4+ points. To prep most effectively, use high quality materials that will show you all the concepts and question types you will encounter, so you really won't need to know the exact questions beforehand. To avoid raising any suspicions about cheating on the ACT, make sure you're familiar with all the instructions and timing of the test. This is especially crucial if English isn't your first language or you're unsure if you'll absorb the exact instructions once the test has been passed out. By knowing the exact instructions before test day, you can focus your energy and attention on the content, rather than on logistical details. As we mentioned above, the testmakers look at your scores to detect any unusual fluctuations or similarities with a nearby test-taker. To prevent this possibility, make sure you take the test seriously every time you take it. Don't treat any administration as a throw-away, as this could become a problem later on down the line. Instead, try your best every time so your scores are an accurate representation of your skills, abilities, and preparation every time you take the test. Finally, try to keep perspective through the pressures of achievement and competition. Make sure to give yourself breaks and use the coping skills that best work for you to alleviate stress, like meditation, mindfulness, and exercise. Try to see the forest through the trees - in other words, do your best to look at the big picture rather than stressing out about one part of it along the way.By acting with integrity and purpose, you will end up in the college that's the best fit for you. What's Next? Now that you know the behaviors that count as cheating on the ACT, what about the personal belongings that must stay out of the testing center? This article explains everything you need on test day, some little known things that could come in handy, and the things you should just leave home. Are you feeling stressed about the ACT? If you're like any other student, the answer is probably yes. This article suggests some practices for managing your anxiety, clearing your mind, and training your focus for test day. Aimingfor a high ACT score? Read our guide onhow to score a perfect ACT 36, written by our resident perfect scorer. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Rebecca Safier About the Author Rebecca graduated with her Master's in Adolescent Counseling from the Harvard Graduate School of Education. She has years of teaching and college counseling experience and is passionate about helping students achieve their goals and improve their well-being. She graduated magna cum laude from Tufts University and scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Why markets generally fail to achieve social efficiency Essay

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